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National Legislation
(Please note these links are provided for information only. Any translations may not be accurate and the text may not include amendments to that legislation).
Last updated May 2026
General | Data Protection Laws
National Legislation
National Supervisory Authority
Scope of Application
Personal Data
Sensitive Personal Data
Data Protection Officers
Accountability and Privacy Impact Assessments
Rights of Data Subjects
Security
Transfer of Personal Data to Third Countries
Enforcement
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General data protection laws
The General Data Protection Regulation (EU) (2016/679) (“GDPR”).
The EU is currently considering the Digital Omnibus (2025/0360 (COD)). This proposes a number of amendments to the GDPR including: (a) protection from abusive subject access requests; (b) extending the deadline to notify breaches to a supervisory authority to 96 hours and only applying that notification to high risk breaches; (c) codifying the “relative” approach to the concept of personal data; (d) ensuring a consistent approach to DPIAs; and (e) providing an express legal basis for the training of AI systems. However, some changes are controversial, and it is not clear if they will all be adopted.
Law n° 2018-493 of 20 June 2018 “relating to personal data protection” incorporates the GDPR provisions in existing French Law n° 78-17 of 6 January 1978.
For greater clarity, the law has been rewritten via Ordinance n° 2018-1125 of 12 December 2018, which took effect on 1 June 2019 (altogether the “revised French DPA”).
Entry into force
The GDPR has applied since 25 May 2018.
The revised French DPA has retrospective effect and applies from 25 May 2018.
Details of the competent national supervisory authority
The CNIL acts as the supervisory authority in France.
Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés (the “CNIL”)
3 Place de Fontenoy
TSA 80715
75334 Paris
Cedex 07
France
Tel: 00 33 1 53 73 22 22
The CNIL represents France on the European Data Protection Board.
Notification or registration scheme and timing
There is no obligation to notify regulators of any processing under the GDPR. However, controllers and processors must keep a record of their processing and make it available to their supervisory authority on request (subject to limited exemptions).
The revised French DPA requires certain types of processing relating to health data to be notified to the CNIL (see below).
Exemptions to notification
Not applicable.
What is the territorial scope of application?
The GDPR applies to the processing of personal data in the context of the establishment of a controller or processor in the EU.
It also contains express extra-territorial provisions and applies to controllers or processors based outside the EU that: (i) offer goods or services to individuals in the EU; or (ii) monitor individuals within the EU. Controllers and processors caught by these provisions will need to appoint a representative in the EU, subject to certain limited exemptions.
The European Data Protection Board has issued Guidelines on the territorial scope of the GDPR (3/2018).
Without prejudice of the above, the revised French DPA applies to processing of personal data carried out in the context of the activities of an establishment of a controller or a processor on French territory, whether or not the processing takes place in France.
Moreover, since May 2024, the revised French DPA also applies to processing of personal data of individuals who are present in France by a controller or a processor not established in the EU, where such processing is linked to the monitoring of the behaviour of those individuals within the EU, in particular by collecting their personal data with a view to correlating it with data relating to their online activity.
In addition, where the GDPR permits national variations, those variations will apply where the data subject resides in France regardless of whether or not the controller is established in France.
Is there a concept of a controller and processor?
Yes. The GDPR contains the concept of a controller, who determines the purpose and means of processing, and a processor, who just processes personal data on behalf of the controller.
The European Data Protection Board has issued Guidelines on the concepts of controller and processor in the GDPR (7/2020).
Both controllers and processors are subject to the rules in the GDPR, but the obligations placed on processors are more limited.
The CNIL has published Guidelines on identifying the respective roles of controller and processor.
Are both manual and electronic records subject to data protection legislation?
Yes. The GDPR applies to both electronic records and structured hard copy records.
Are there any national derogations?
The GDPR does not apply to law enforcement activities which are instead subject to the Law Enforcement Directive. The GDPR also does not apply to areas of law that are outside the scope of Union law, such as national security, and does not apply to purely personal or household activity.
What is personal data?
Personal data is information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person.
This is a broad term and includes a wide range of information. The GDPR expressly states it includes online identifiers such as cookies. This concept has been considered by the CJEU on multiple occasions. This includes deciding that information will not be personal data where the risk of identification appears in reality to be insignificant (OC v Commission, C 479/22 P) and that a “relative” approach should be taken to identification by considering the means reasonably available to the person holding the information (EDPS v SRB, C-413/23 P).
Is information about legal entities personal data?
No. However, information about sole traders and partnerships is likely to be personal data.
What are the rules for processing personal data?
All processing of personal data must comply with all six general data quality principles. Personal data must be: (i) processed fairly, lawfully and transparently; (ii) collected for specific, explicit and legitimate purposes and not processed in a manner incompatible with those purposes; (iii) adequate, relevant and not excessive; (iv) accurate and, where necessary, up to date; (v) kept in an identifiable form for no longer than necessary; and (vi) kept secure.
The processing of personal data must also satisfy at least one condition for processing personal data. These conditions are that the processing is: (a) carried out with the data subject’s consent; (b) necessary for the performance of a contract with the data subject; (c) necessary for compliance with a legal obligation; (d) necessary in order to protect the vital interests of the data subject; (e) necessary for the public interest or in the exercise of official authority; or (f) necessary for the controller’s or a third party's legitimate interests, except where overridden by the interests or fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject.
The European Data Protection Board has issued Guidelines on the performance of a contract processing condition for online services (2/2019) and Guidelines on processing of personal data based on Article 6(1)(f) (1/2024).
Are there any formalities to obtain consent to process personal data?
The requirements for consent under the GDPR are strict.
To be valid, consent must be in clear and plain language and, where sought in writing, separate from other matters. Consent must be based on affirmative action so pre-ticked boxes are not acceptable. Consent might not be valid if: (i) there is any detriment to the data subject for refusing; (ii) there is an imbalance of power; (iii) consent for multiple purposes is bundled together; or (iv) the consent is a condition of entering into a contract. Finally, consent can be withdrawn at any time.
In practice, other processing conditions should be relied on where possible. Consent will only be an appropriate processing condition if the individual has a genuine choice over the matter, for example, whether to be sent marketing materials.
The European Data Protection Board has issued Guidelines on consent (5/2020).
Are there any special rules when processing personal data about children?
Consent from a child in relation to online services will only be valid if authorised by a parent. A child is someone under 16 years old, though Member States may reduce this age to 13.
France has chosen to reduce this age limit to 15. The CNIL has also published a series of eight Recommendations on the digital rights of children, as well as several Recommendations on online age verification and parental control.
Are there any special rules when processing personal data about employees?
The GDPR allows Member States to implement more specific national rules governing the processing of personal data about employees. It may also be possible to process special category personal data where it is necessary for a legal obligation in the field of employment law.
The revised French DPA allows employers' or administrations' processing of biometric data where strictly necessary to control access to the workplace or to computing resources. The CNIL has published Recommendations in relation to the processing of personal data of employees and/or in the workplace, including a dedicated Standard relating to the processing of personal data for the purposes of human resources management, a Standard on applicable retention periods in that context and a Guide on recruitment.
What is sensitive personal data?
Special category data is personal data consisting of racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, or trade union membership, genetic data, biometric data, data concerning health or data concerning a natural person’s sex life or sexual orientation. Decisions such as OT (C-184/20) and Lindenapotheke (C-21/23) indicate this should be interpreted broadly to include information that indirectly discloses these characteristics.
Information about criminal offences is dealt with separately and is subject to even tighter controls.
Are there additional rules for processing sensitive personal data?
Special category data may only be processed if a condition for processing special category data is satisfied. A condition arises where the processing: (a) is carried out with the data subject’s explicit consent; (b) is necessary for a legal obligation in the fields of employment, social security and social protection law; (c) is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject or another person where the data subject is unable to give consent; (d) is carried out by a non-profit-seeking body and relates to members of that body or persons who have regular contact; (e) relates to data made public by the data subject; (f) is necessary for legal claims; (g) is for reasons of substantial public interest under EU or Member State law; (h) is necessary for healthcare reasons; (i) is necessary for public health reasons; or (j) is necessary for archiving, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes and is based on EU or Member State law.
It is still necessary to notify, consult with, and/or get authorisation from, the CNIL for some processing of heath data such as: (i) processing of sensitive data conducted for public interest reasons; or (ii) automated processing for research in the field of health. The CNIL has issued Guidelines and dedicated Standards in this respect.
The revised French DPA also contains additional provisions regarding processing of special category personal data. For instance, it allows: (i) employers' or administrations' processing of biometric data where strictly necessary to control access to the workplace or the use of equipment or software applications; and (ii) processing of special category personal data for journalism and literary or artistical purposes.
Other provisions relate to the reuse of public information contained in judgments and decisions and, under some circumstances, processing necessary for public research. The CNIL issued Guidelines on the processing of special categories of personal data for scientific research purposes.
Finally, the revised French DPA imposes controls on the processing of national registration numbers. These can only be used for permitted purposes, such as the management and monitoring of health alerts. Decree n° 2019-341 of 19 April 2019 provides an exhaustive list of permitted purposes, described here.
Are there additional rules for processing information about criminal offences?
It is only possible to process personal data relating to criminal convictions or offences if: (a) it is carried out under the control of official authority; or (b) when the processing is authorised by EU or Member State law providing for appropriate safeguards for the rights and freedoms of data subjects.
The revised French DPA lists categories of persons allowed to process such personal data: (i) courts, public authorities and legal persons entrusted with a public service, acting within the scope of their functions; (ii) auxiliaries of justice (such as mediators or experts) for the strict exercise of their functions, as well as entities collaborating with judicial entities as determined by Decree; and (iii) persons reusing public information appearing in published rulings, provided that the processing has neither the purpose or effect of allowing the re-identification of the concerned persons.
The revised French DPA also allows natural or legal persons to process information about criminal offences for the purpose of enabling them: (i) to take legal action as a victim or on behalf of such victim; and (ii) to have a ruling enforced, for a duration proportionate to this purpose. Communication to a third party is only possible under the same conditions and to the extent strictly necessary for the pursuit of the same purposes.
Finally, the processing of information about criminal offences is permitted by specified intellectual property rights management agencies for the purpose of defending those rights.
The CNIL also issued Guidelines on the processing of information about criminal offences for scientific research purposes.
Are there any formalities to obtain consent to process sensitive personal data?
Consent to process sensitive personal data must be explicit. The general restrictions on consent, set out above, will also apply. This suggests a degree of formality, such as ticking a box containing the express words “I consent”. It is unlikely explicit consent could be obtained through a course of conduct.
When must a data protection officer be appointed?
Both controllers and processors must appoint a data protection officer if: (i) they are a public authority; (ii) their core activities consist of regular and systematic monitoring of data subjects on a large scale; or (iii) their core activities consist of processing special category personal data on a large scale (including processing information about criminal offences).
The revised French DPA provides that controllers processing personal data under the scope of Law Enforcement Directive must appoint a data protection officer (with the exception of persons acting within scope of their judicial activity).
What are the duties of the data protection officer?
The data protection officer must be involved in all data protection issues and cannot be dismissed or penalised for performing their role. The data protection officer must report directly to the highest level of management. Details of the data protection officer must be communicated to the relevant supervisory authority.
The Article 29 Working Party has issued Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (WP243).
The CNIL has published a Guide on Data Protection Officers setting out the key principles and good practices for companies to appoint a data protection officer and support his or her missions.
Is there a general accountability obligation?
The GDPR adds a general accountability obligation under which you must not only comply with these rules, but also be able to demonstrate you comply with them. This means ensuring suitable policies are in place supported by audit and training.
Are privacy impact assessments mandatory?
A data protection impact assessment must be conducted where “high risk” processing is carried out. This includes: (a) systematic and extensive profiling that produces legal effects or significantly affects individuals; (b) processing on a large scale either special categories of personal data or personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences; and (c) systematic monitoring of a publicly accessible area on a large scale (e.g. CCTV). Where the assessment indicates the risk cannot be mitigated, the controller must consult the relevant supervisory authority.
The Article 29 Working Party has subsequently issued Guidelines on Data Protection Impact Assessments (WP 248). It suggests there are nine criteria to consider to determine whether to conduct a data protection impact assessment, and that an assessment should be made if two or more of those criteria are met. This is arguably wider than the criteria set out in the paragraph above.
The revised French DPA specifies that controllers processing personal data under the Law Enforcement Directive must conduct a privacy impact assessment when that processing is high risk (for example, when such processing relates to sensitive personal data).
The CNIL has issued a list of processing operations for which a privacy impact assessment is mandatory and a list of processing operations for which a privacy impact assessment is not required. The CNIL has also issued three Guides on privacy impact assessments methodology, knowledge base and templates. Finally, the CNIL has developed an open source tool to help conduct privacy impact assessments, which is available here.
Privacy notices
A controller must provide data subjects with a privacy notice setting out how the individual’s personal data will be processed. The privacy notice must contain the enhanced transparency information.
The Article 29 Working Party has issued Guidelines on Transparency (WP260).
It is a general obligation under French law to use the French language when conducting business or dealing with consumers or employees in France. It is very likely this obligation will also apply to privacy notices under the GDPR.
Rights to access information
Data subjects have a right to access copies of their personal data by making a request to the controller. They are entitled to both a copy of the personal data and information about the context in which it is processed. The initial request is free, though a charge can be made for subsequent requests. Controllers can refuse the request if it is manifestly unfounded or excessive. The right to obtain a copy of personal data should not adversely affect the rights and freedoms of others. The response must be provided within a month, though this can be extended by two months if the request is complex.
The European Data Protection Board has issued Guidelines on rights of access (1/2022). There have been several important CJEU decisions on the right of access. They indicate data subjects have a right to a faithful and intelligible reproduction of their personal data, including underlying documents where essential to exercise their rights effectively (FF, C-487/21) and that a request is only likely to be considered excessive if made with abusive intent (Rottler, C-526/24). In Österreichische Post (C‑154/21), the CJEU decided that details of specific recipients of the personal data must be disclosed unless this is impossible or manifestly unfounded or excessive.
Rights to data portability
Data subjects also have a right to data portability where the condition for processing personal data is consent or the performance of a contract. It entitles individuals to obtain any personal data they have “provided” to the controller in a machine-readable format. Individuals can also ask for the data to be transferred directly from one controller to another. There is no right to charge fees for this service.
The Article 29 Working Party has issued Guidelines on data portability (WP242).
Right to be forgotten
A data subject can ask that their data be deleted in certain circumstances. However, those circumstances are relatively limited, for example where the processing is based on consent, that consent is withdrawn and there are no other grounds for processing. Even where the right does arise, there are a range of exemptions, for example where there is a legal obligation to retain the data.
The European Data Protection Board has issued Guidelines on the criteria of the Right to be Forgotten in the search engines cases under the GDPR (part 1) (5/2019).
Objection to direct marketing
A data subject can object to their personal data being processed for direct marketing purposes at any time. This includes profiling to the extent related to direct marketing.
Other rights
The GDPR contains a range of other rights, including a right to have inaccurate data corrected. There is also a right to object to processing being carried out in the performance of a public task or under the legitimate interests condition.
Finally, there are controls on taking decisions based solely on automated decision making that produce legal effects or similarly significantly affects the data subject. The Article 29 Working Party has issued Guidelines on Automated Decision Making and Profiling (WP251).
In addition, the revised French DPA allows individuals to give instructions regarding the retention, erasure and communication of their data after their death. Such instructions can be revoked or modified at any time. The CNIL has issued Guidelines on individuals’ rights following their death, including the rights of heirs in relation to the deceased’s personal data.
Security requirements in order to protect personal data
The GDPR contains a general obligation to implement appropriate technical and organisational measures to protect personal data.
In addition, controllers and processors must ensure, where appropriate: (i) the pseudonymisation and encryption of personal data; (ii) the ability to ensure the ongoing confidentiality, integrity, availability and resilience of its information technology systems; (iii) the ability to restore the availability and access to personal data in a timely manner in the event of a physical or technical incident; and (iv) a process for regularly testing, assessing and evaluating the effectiveness of technical and organisational measures for ensuring the security of the processing.
The CNIL has issued Guidelines on the security of personal data detailing the key technical and organisational measures that must be systematically implemented when processing personal data, such as user awareness, authentication, incidents management, servers security, etc. In addition, the CNIL published dedicated guidelines in relation to specific security measures and/or sectors, such as Guidelines on encryption practices in public cloud computing.
In 2025, the CNIL published its Recommendations on the development of artificial intelligence systems, clarifying GDPR applicability to models, security requirements, and conditions for annotating training data.
Specific rules governing processing by third party agents (processors)
A controller must ensure that any processor it instructs will ensure adequate security for personal data and otherwise meet the requirements of the GDPR.
The controller must have written contracts with its processor containing the enhanced processor clauses.
The CNIL has published a dedicated Guide for processors setting out the key requirements for processing personal data in the role of processor. In addition, the CNIL released Guidelines on security requirements for controllers relying on processors to handle personal data on their behalf.
Notice of breach laws
A personal data breach must be notified to the relevant supervisory authority unless it is unlikely to result in a risk to data subjects. The notification must, where feasible, be made within 72 hours. If the personal data breach is a high risk for data subjects, those data subjects must also be notified.
Notice of breach laws apply to specific industry sectors under other regimes. For example, under EU DORA and under the national laws implementing the Privacy and Electronic Communications Directive and NIS II.
The European Data Protection Board has issued Guidelines on Personal Data Breach Notification (9/2022) and Examples regarding Personal Data Breach Notification (1/2021).
Decree n° 2019-536 dated 29 May 2019 lays down two categories of processing that are exempt from the obligation to notify data subjects, namely: (i) processing including personal data likely to allow to identify persons whose anonymity is protected by laws protecting freedom of the press; and (ii) processing of certain health or administrative data where notification is likely to represent a risk for national security, national defence or public security.
Restrictions on transfers to third countries
The GDPR contains a restriction on transborder dataflows. This restriction does not apply if the transfer is to a whitelisted country (which includes US organisations participating in the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework).
Transfers can be made: (i) pursuant to a set of Standard Contractual Clauses; (ii) pursuant to binding corporate rules; (iii) to an importer who has signed up to an approved code or obtained an approved certification; or (iv) where otherwise approved by the relevant supervisory authority. However, following the decision in Schrems II (C-311/18) any transfer made on this basis must be subject to a transfer impact assessment of the laws of the relevant third country and supplemented by supplementary protections where necessary.
The European Data Protection Board has issued Recommendation on European Essential Guarantees for surveillance measures (2/2020) and a Recommendation on measures that supplement transfer tools (1/2020) to help conduct this transfer impact assessment. The European Commission has also issued an FAQ on the new Standard Contractual Clauses.
Transfers are also possible if an individual derogation applies. These derogations allow a transfer if it: (i) is made with the data subject’s explicit consent; (ii) is necessary for the performance of a contract with, or in the interests of, the data subject; (iii) is necessary or legally required on important public interest grounds, or for legal claims; (iv) is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject; (v) is made from a public register; or (vi) is made under the so-called minor transfer exemption.
The European Data Protection Board has issued Guidelines on derogations applicable to international transfers (2/2018). Finally, the European Data Protection Board has issued Guidelines on the interplay between Article 3 and international transfers (2/2018) to help identify when a transfer takes place.
The CNIL has issued Guidelines on transfer impact assessments following the decision of Schrems II (C-311/18), which imposed obligations upon data exporters to assess the level of protection of personal data in the third country of destination and the need to implement additional safeguards.
Notification and approval of national regulator (including notification of use of Standard Contractual Clauses)
In general, there is no need for prior approval from a supervisory authority. However, this depends on the justification for the transfer.
For example, there is no obligation to get approval for the use of Standard Contractual Clauses (though it is possible some supervisory authorities may want to be notified of their use). In contrast, it is necessary to get approval to rely on binding corporate rules, and the supervisory authority must be informed of transfers made using the minor transfers exemption.
Use of binding corporate rules
The GDPR places binding corporate rules on a statutory footing. It is possible to obtain authorisation from one supervisory authority (subject to approval through the consistency mechanism) that covers transfers from anywhere in the EU.
In France, a number of binding corporate rules (BCR) were approved by the CNIL under the current law including for Airbus SE, American Express, ArcelorMittal, Astra Zeneca, Atos, AXA, BMC, Capgemini, Corning, ENGIE, IBM, International SOS, LVMH, Mastercard, Merck & Co, Michelin, Novartis, Salesforce and Schneider Electric.
The CNIL published a BCR self-assessment tool enabling groups wishing to implement BCRs to evaluate the maturity of their project against the applicable requirements, as well as a monitoring tool allowing BCR holders to assess their level of compliance.
Fines
The GDPR is intended to make data protection a boardroom issue. It introduces an antitrust-type sanction regime with fines of up to 4% of annual worldwide turnover or €20m, whichever is the greater. These fines apply to breaches of many of the provisions of the GDPR, including failure to comply with the six general data quality principles or carrying out processing without satisfying a condition for processing personal data.
A limited number of breaches fall into a lower tier and so are subject to fines of up to 2% of annual worldwide turnover or €10m, whichever is the greater. Failing to notify a personal data breach or failing to put an adequate contract in place with a processor fall into this lower tier.
There are a number of CJEU judgments on administrative fines. For example, the CJEU has stated that fines can only be imposed where there is an intentional or negligent infringement of the GDPR, see Deutsche Wohnen (C-807/21).
The EDPB has published Guidelines on the calculation of administrative fines (04/2022).
Imprisonment
The revised French DPA does not modify existing criminal sanctions. The current criminal sanctions include imprisonment for up to five years and fines of up to EUR 300,000 (and up to EUR 1,500,000 for legal entities).
Compensation
Data subjects have a right to compensation in respect of material and non-material damage. This requires more than a mere infringement of the GDPR and there must be actual material or non-material damage.
The CJEU has issued a large number of judgments on compensation. They confirm that the mere infringement of the GDPR is not sufficient to give a right to compensation and there must be a causal link between the infringement and the damage to the individual. However, there is no minimum threshold of seriousness (Österreichische Post, C-300/21) and even negative feelings experienced by the data subject because of the misuse of their data may be sufficient to trigger a right to compensation (Quirin Privatbank, C-655/23).
Other powers
Regulators have a range of other powers and sanctions at their disposal. This includes investigative powers, such as the ability to demand information from controllers and processors, and to carry out audits. They also have corrective powers enabling them to issue warnings or reprimands, to enforce an individual’s rights and to issue a temporary or permanent ban on processing.
The EU has also adopted Regulation (EU) 2025/2518 which lays down additional procedural rules for enforcement of the GDPR in cross-border cases. It will apply from April 2027.
Practice
In March 2026, the CNIL issued a table gathering its major decisions as well as the main national and European case law, according to a thematic classification.
Fines: The most significant fines issued by the CNIL in the recent years are set out below:
Simplified procedure: In 2022, the revised French DPA was amended, leading to a reform of the CNIL’s corrective measures and the creation of a simplified procedure for sanctions. This new expedited procedure may be applied to cases that do not pose any particular complexity, identified by the CNIL based on (i) the existence of previous similar decisions; (ii) earlier decisions handed down by the CNIL’s restricted committee; and (iii) the straightforwardness of the factual and legal issues to be decided.
The sanctions that can be imposed through the simplified procedure include fines of up to €20 000, injunctions accompanied by a fine of up to €100 per day of delay and/or reprimands. The decisions taken are not made public. Since its initial implementation, non-compliance cases sanctioned under the simplified procedure have pertained to (i) the obligation to cooperate with the CNIL; (ii) the minimisation of data; (iii) the information of data subjects; and (iv) the obligation to comply with data subjects’ rights (in particular the right to object).
Other enforcement action: In 2025, the CNIL issued 83 sanctions (67 resulting from the simplified procedure and 78 being fines) and €486 839 500 in fines, against 87 sanctions (including 69 resulting from the simplified procedure, and 75 being fines) and €55 212 400 in fines in 2024.
In 2025, there were 6,167 notifications of personal data breaches made to the CNIL, representing an increase of 9.5% compared to 2024 (5,630).
The CNIL also issued 143 formal notices to organisations in 2025, ordering them to comply with the GDPR within a specified deadline. Several of these notices concerned the child social welfare sector, others targeted mobile applications and online games, with a view to improving transparency in data processing and better protecting the data of minors.
The CNIL announced that, in 2026, its priority inspection areas will focus on recruitment, the single electoral register and sports federations, and that 50% of its inspections and enforcement actions will be dedicated to cybersecurity breaches.
ePrivacy laws
The “Trust in the Digital Economy Act” (the “Act”) implemented Article 13 of the Privacy and Electronic Communications Directive on 21 June 2004. The Act is now codified under Article L. 34-5 of the Postal and Electronic Communications Code and is mentioned in Articles L. 222-16 and 223-7 of the Consumer Code.
The Ordinance no. 2011-1012 of 24 August 2011 (the “Ordinance”) implements the amendments to the Privacy and Electronic Communications Directive.
Conditions for use of cookies
The revised French DPA requires data controllers to obtain prior consent from users to store or access cookies after having provided the user with information about the purposes for which cookies are used and about the means to prevent such storage or access.
The revised French DPA explicitly recognises that such consent may result from appropriate settings on a user’s connection device, such as an internet browser, or from any other applications placed under a user’s control.
Prior information and consent requirements do not apply where the cookie’s sole purpose is to enable or facilitate the communication (i.e. technical cookies) or where the cookie is strictly necessary to provide an online communication service requested by the user (e.g. cookies concerning language preferences).
Regulatory guidance on the use of cookies
On 4 July 2019, the CNIL adopted Guidelines with regard to the conditions for the use of cookies. In these guidelines, the CNIL considered that: (i) continuing to browse a website, use a mobile application or scrolling the page of a website or mobile application does not constitute clear positive actions which amount to valid consent; (ii) browser settings do not currently allow the user to express the manifestation of a valid consent; (iii) the implementation of “cookies walls” (i.e., the practice of blocking access to a website or application if cookies are not accepted) is forbidden and (iv) operators who use tracking cookies must be able to demonstrate that they have obtained the user consent as understood under the GDPR.
On 17 September 2020, the guidelines of 4 July 2019 were partially revoked and replaced by new Guidelines and Recommendations, in order to take account of the decision of the French Administrative Supreme Court of 4 July 2019 ruling out the prohibition of “cookie walls”. The Court decided that the general prohibition of "cookie walls" initially provided in these guidelines could not be included in a text of soft law as issued by the CNIL and that validity of “cookie walls” must be assessed on a case-by-case basis instead. In this regard, the CNIL has published a Factsheet on the criteria to assess the lawfulness of a “cookie wall”. On 18 December 2025, the guidelines of 4 July 2019 were further modified and completed through the CNIL’s Recommendations relating to cross-device consent.
More generally, these guidelines and recommendations relate to the practicalities of obtaining valid consent to cookies and provides concrete examples of the implementation of requirements associated with the use of cookies.
On 12 March 2026, the CNIL further adopted Recommendations on the use of tracking pixels, an alternative tracking method, in emails.
Conditions for direct marketing by e-mail to individual subscribers
Direct marketing by e-mail to individual subscribers is permitted if: (i) the subscriber provides “prior consent” having been informed their address will be used for marketing; or (ii) the similar products and services exemption applies.
Direct marketing by e-mail to individual subscribers is also permitted if the e-mail does not have a commercial purpose (e.g., it is for a charitable purpose) provided the individual was informed their address will be used for this purpose and they had the opportunity to object.
“Prior consent” is defined as a “free, specific and informed manifestation of consent to the individual’s personal data being used for direct marketing purposes”.
Conditions for direct marketing by e-mail to corporate subscribers
Direct marketing by e-mail is permitted subject to: (i) prior notification that the e-mail address will be used for marketing purposes; (ii) the recipient having the possibility to object easily and free of charge at the time of collection and, at any time, to further solicitations; and (iii) the marketing e-mail relating to the profession of the recipient.
Regarding corporate subscribers specifically, the rules on consent and objection outlined above do not apply to direct marketing communications sent to generic e-mail addresses such as info@companyname.com, contact@companyname.com and order@companyname.com.
Exemptions and other issues
The sender must include the eCommerce Information and provide simple means to freely object to any further similar communications.
However, direct marketing e-mails are prohibited if: (i) the identity of the sender is disguised or concealed; (ii) an opt-out address is not provided to allow the recipient to object to further solicitations; or (iii) the title of the e-mail does not relate to the service or product offered.
SMS/MMS are subject to the rules on direct marketing by e-mail rather than the rules on direct marketing by telephone.
Conditions for direct marketing by telephone to individual subscribers (excludes automated calls)
Professionals wishing to engage in direct marketing by phone must inform consumers that: (i) their personal data will be used for direct marketing calls; and (ii) they have the right to register with Bloctel, a direct marketing opposition list.
Professionals cannot call consumers who have registered on Bloctel save where: (i) there is a pre-existing contractual relationship and call is in relation with the corresponding contract; or (ii) the call is to offer subscriptions to newspapers, journals and magazines.
In all cases, the professional must identify themselves on request and allow the individual subscriber to object to further calls. Direct marketing calls cannot be made to individual subscribers who have previously objected.
Conditions for direct marketing by telephone to corporate subscribers (excludes automated calls)
It is not permitted to make direct marketing calls to corporate subscribers who have previously objected to such calls.
Exemptions and other issues
None.
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